Digital Logic - Gates

Gates:

Introduction to Gates

A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. It is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance zero rise time and unlimited fan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).

Seven Basic Logic Gates

Type	Distinctive shape	Rectangular shape	Boolean algebra between A & B	Truth table
AND				INPUT OUTPUT A B A AND B 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
OR				INPUT OUTPUT A B A OR B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
NOT				INPUT OUTPUT A NOT A 0 1 1 0
NAND				INPUT OUTPUT A B A NAND B 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
NOR				INPUT OUTPUT A B A NOR B 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
XOR				INPUT OUTPUT A B A XOR B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
XNOR			or	INPUT OUTPUT A B A XNOR B 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

Universal Gates

A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to

use any other gate type. NAND and NOR are such examples.

NAND

There are three symbols for NAND gates: the 'distinctive' (MIL/ANSI) symbol and the 'rectangular' IEC symbol, as well as a deprecated DIN symbol sometimes found on old schematics. For more information see logic gate symbols.

MIL/ANSI Symbol	IEC Symbol	DIN Symbol

NOR

There are three symbols for NOR gates: the American (ANSI or 'military') symbol and the IEC ('European' or 'rectangular') symbol, as well as the deprecated DIN symbol. For more information seeLogic Gate Symbols.

MIL/ANSI Symbol	IEC Symbol	DIN Symbol

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